Chinese Economy Watch

[E-195]

Neither Mexico nor India can replicate America's success. This is not because they have low morals, but because of different national conditions, different cultures, different histories and different geography.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) transferred battery technology to a Chinese company in 2017 and 2021, which an NPR and Northwest News Network investigation found violated the DOE's licensing rules. The DOE allowed the technology and jobs to move overseas, and failed to intervene on behalf of US workers.


China has become a dominant player in the lithium battery industry, with a 70–90% share of the global market. China's success is due to:

• Investment: China has invested heavily in sourcing and manufacturing processes.
  
  
  
• Market share: China has the fourth-largest known lithium reserve, and has become the largest exporter of lithium batteries.
  
  
  
• Electric vehicle sales: Strong electric vehicle sales in China have expanded the company's footprint in the battery supply chain.

The U.S. made a breakthrough battery discovery — then gave the technology to China​

AUGUST 3, 20225:00 AM ET
HEARD ON ALL THINGS CONSIDERED
By

Courtney Flatt
,

Laura Sullivan


View: https://www.npr.org/2022/08/03/1114964240/new-battery-technology-china-vanadium

 

[E-195]

China only allowed foreign automakers to operate through JVs with enterprises that could not have majority foreign ownership (C2, s0-x5<em>+</em>-v4). Consequently, foreign automakers were effectively required to transfer their core NEV technologies to Chinese JV partners ([s0-x5<em>+</em>-v4, s0-x3<em>+</em>-v4 | s0-x2<em>+</em>-v3]) (Fig. 13a). The EU lodged a complaint with the WTO in 2018, disputing these rules for being inconsistent with Article 3, 28.1 of the WTO law (DU17, p.30). In 2009, the Automotive Industry Readjustment and Revitalisation Plan《汽车产业调整和振兴规划》(C6) defined China's NEV industry target. Specifically, it aimed to achieve an annual production capacity of 5 × 105 units by 2011 and increase the proportion of domestic products in the domestic market to over 40 % (s0-x4<em>+</em>-v4). These national industry targets were further revised in 2012 (C12, s0-x4<em>+</em>-v4). To reach these targets, China introduced a series of market subsidy policies (C8, C9, s0-x1<em>−</em>-v4) in 2009. However, as a precondition for access to these subsidies, under the Administration of Access for New Energy Vehicles, the MIIT mandated that for EVs to be eligible for sale, even if they were imported, a domestic Chinese firm must demonstrate proficiency related to the components of the EVs: battery, motor, and inverter (C7, s0-x3+-v4). Foreign firms were therefore forced to transfer technologies to local partners as compensation for access to the market subsidies ([s0-x1<em>−</em>-v4, s0-x3<em>+</em>-v4 | s0-x1<em>+</em>-v4]) (Fig. 13b). In 2011, the ratio of foreign investment was limited to <50 % for the manufacture of batteries for NEVs with Ecell ≥ 110 Wh·kg−1 (i.e., LiFePO4 or LiNi<em>y</em>Mn<em>x</em>M'(1-<em>x</em>-<em>y</em>)O2 batteries in practice) (C11, s1-x5<em>+</em>-v4).

The combination of C7 and C11 required foreign LiB producers that invested in China to transfer their manufacturing technologies ([s1-x5<em>+</em>-v4, s0-x3+-v4 | s1-x2<em>+</em>-v4]) (Fig. 13c). Through policies that strategically facilitated the transfer of batteries and NEV technology, along with market subsidy policies, the EV market in China surpassed that of the U.S in 2015 (Fig. 11). Domestic EVs powered by LiFePO4 batteries played a significant role in this growth (Fig. 8a).

Cross-national and cross-sectoral dynamics of innovation policies: The case of lithium-ion battery technology for electric vehicles in the U.S. and China

Sustainable technology increasingly relies on highly complex basic science, and basic research policies play a dominant role in the long-term process …

www.sciencedirect.com

Europe could be self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026 – if gigafactories don’t get cancelled​

More than half of planned plants are at risk of being delayed, scaled down or cancelled amid the global 'battery race'.

Europe could be self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026

More than half of planned plants are at risk of being delayed, scaled down or cancelled amid the global 'battery race'.

www.csofutures.com

• Europe can become self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026, and manufacture most of its demand for key components (cathodes) and materials such as lithium by 2030. But over half of gigafactory plans in Europe remain at risk of either being delayed or cancelled, down from close to two-thirds a year ago.
• 
  
  
  
• Onshoring the battery supply chain offers significant climate benefits: 37% reduction in carbon emission when using the EU grid, or 133 Mt of CO2 by 2030 compared to China. When relying on predominantly renewable energy sources, the reductions double to 62%.
  
  
  

  An industrial blueprint for batteries in Europe

  A new report explores how Europe can successfully build a sustainable battery value chain

  www.transportenvironment.org

The infrastructure moves bringing the US closer to lithium-ion self-sufficiency​

Localising battery production in the southeastern US is set to boost North America's energy transition by supplying crucial materials on a game-changing scale
A manufacturing complex taking shape in Augusta, Georgia, could play a key role in the development of the US’s lithium-ion battery industry. When complete, the site will be the largest production facility in North America for battery-grade polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a vital cathode binding material for the lithium-ion cells used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

The infrastructure moves bringing the US closer to lithium-ion self-sufficiency

Localising battery production in the southeastern US is set to boost North America's energy transition by supplying crucial materials on a game-changing scale

www.ft.com

 

[helin]

China only allowed foreign automakers to operate through JVs with enterprises that could not have majority foreign ownership (C2, s0-x5<em>+</em>-v4). Consequently, foreign automakers were effectively required to transfer their core NEV technologies to Chinese JV partners ([s0-x5<em>+</em>-v4, s0-x3<em>+</em>-v4 | s0-x2<em>+</em>-v3]) (Fig. 13a). The EU lodged a complaint with the WTO in 2018, disputing these rules for being inconsistent with Article 3, 28.1 of the WTO law (DU17, p.30). In 2009, the Automotive Industry Readjustment and Revitalisation Plan《汽车产业调整和振兴规划》(C6) defined China's NEV industry target. Specifically, it aimed to achieve an annual production capacity of 5 × 105 units by 2011 and increase the proportion of domestic products in the domestic market to over 40 % (s0-x4<em>+</em>-v4). These national industry targets were further revised in 2012 (C12, s0-x4<em>+</em>-v4). To reach these targets, China introduced a series of market subsidy policies (C8, C9, s0-x1<em>−</em>-v4) in 2009. However, as a precondition for access to these subsidies, under the Administration of Access for New Energy Vehicles, the MIIT mandated that for EVs to be eligible for sale, even if they were imported, a domestic Chinese firm must demonstrate proficiency related to the components of the EVs: battery, motor, and inverter (C7, s0-x3+-v4). Foreign firms were therefore forced to transfer technologies to local partners as compensation for access to the market subsidies ([s0-x1<em>−</em>-v4, s0-x3<em>+</em>-v4 | s0-x1<em>+</em>-v4]) (Fig. 13b). In 2011, the ratio of foreign investment was limited to <50 % for the manufacture of batteries for NEVs with Ecell ≥ 110 Wh·kg−1 (i.e., LiFePO4 or LiNi<em>y</em>Mn<em>x</em>M'(1-<em>x</em>-<em>y</em>)O2 batteries in practice) (C11, s1-x5<em>+</em>-v4).

The combination of C7 and C11 required foreign LiB producers that invested in China to transfer their manufacturing technologies ([s1-x5<em>+</em>-v4, s0-x3+-v4 | s1-x2<em>+</em>-v4]) (Fig. 13c). Through policies that strategically facilitated the transfer of batteries and NEV technology, along with market subsidy policies, the EV market in China surpassed that of the U.S in 2015 (Fig. 11). Domestic EVs powered by LiFePO4 batteries played a significant role in this growth (Fig. 8a).

Cross-national and cross-sectoral dynamics of innovation policies: The case of lithium-ion battery technology for electric vehicles in the U.S. and China

Sustainable technology increasingly relies on highly complex basic science, and basic research policies play a dominant role in the long-term process …

www.sciencedirect.com

Europe could be self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026 – if gigafactories don’t get cancelled​

More than half of planned plants are at risk of being delayed, scaled down or cancelled amid the global 'battery race'.

Europe could be self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026

More than half of planned plants are at risk of being delayed, scaled down or cancelled amid the global 'battery race'.

www.csofutures.com

• Europe can become self-sufficient in battery cells by 2026, and manufacture most of its demand for key components (cathodes) and materials such as lithium by 2030. But over half of gigafactory plans in Europe remain at risk of either being delayed or cancelled, down from close to two-thirds a year ago.
• 
  
  
  
• Onshoring the battery supply chain offers significant climate benefits: 37% reduction in carbon emission when using the EU grid, or 133 Mt of CO2 by 2030 compared to China. When relying on predominantly renewable energy sources, the reductions double to 62%.
  
  
  

  An industrial blueprint for batteries in Europe

  A new report explores how Europe can successfully build a sustainable battery value chain

  www.transportenvironment.org

The infrastructure moves bringing the US closer to lithium-ion self-sufficiency​

Localising battery production in the southeastern US is set to boost North America's energy transition by supplying crucial materials on a game-changing scale
A manufacturing complex taking shape in Augusta, Georgia, could play a key role in the development of the US’s lithium-ion battery industry. When complete, the site will be the largest production facility in North America for battery-grade polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a vital cathode binding material for the lithium-ion cells used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

The infrastructure moves bringing the US closer to lithium-ion self-sufficiency

Localising battery production in the southeastern US is set to boost North America's energy transition by supplying crucial materials on a game-changing scale

www.ft.com

It is impossible for Europe and the United States to bypass China and achieve self-sufficiency in electric vehicle batteries in 15 years,

 

[helin]

View: https://x.com/classcnbc/status/1861394483629191231


View: https://x.com/KojiTakan0/status/1861391059412230624

 

[E-195]

It is impossible for Europe and the United States to bypass China and achieve self-sufficiency in electric vehicle batteries in 15 years,

You are a bit slow. China got the technology by tech Transfers and they were allowed to be suppliers of the EV companies in China, first due to pollution, Lithium mining is very dirty and polluting, now the West will put a break to China, the dog is ready to go versus Russia but the dog will not fed more, when it comes to its time they will get rid of the dog, read my words you are too gullible, you are a primitive society, they gave you the tools to go versus Russia, but they will not let you go for the USA or Europe, the world elites they are just using you and with time you will see China is spendable.

 

[E-195]

View: https://x.com/classcnbc/status/1861394483629191231


View: https://x.com/KojiTakan0/status/1861391059412230624

Top Programming Languages for App Development in 2023​

---

Kotlin: Modern programming language Kotlin has become extremely popular in the field of creating Android apps. While preserving complete Java interoperability, it provides null safety, succinct syntax, and increased developer efficiency.

Swift: The Swift programming language, created by Apple, offers a secure, quick, and expressive syntax and is the main language for creating iOS and macOS apps. Its effectiveness and user-friendliness have facilitated its growing adoption.

JavaScript/TypeScript: With the help of frameworks like React and Angular, JavaScript has expanded its dominance beyond the realm of online development to include the creation of cross-platform mobile applications. A superset of JavaScript called TypeScript adds static typing and is becoming more and more popular for complicated projects.



Python: Python, which is renowned for its adaptability and beginner-friendliness, is used in a variety of fields, including data research and web development. It is a well-liked option for app development due to its large array of libraries and frameworks, including Django and Flask.

Java: For many years, Java has served as a popular language for Android app development. It provides a reliable and scalable platform, with numerous existing Android applications built using Java. Java also boasts a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks. If you’re looking for a Java app development company, you can find experienced professionals who specialize in Java application development and have a deep understanding of the language and its ecosystem. They can help you create high-quality, robust, and feature-rich Java applications that meet your specific requirements.

Rust: In addition to its core use in low-level systems programming, Rust is becoming more popular in the field of developing secure and high-speed mobile applications. Rust is known for its emphasis on safety, concurrency, and performance in systems programming.

C#: C#, a Microsoft development, is frequently used while creating apps for the.NET platform. With the launch of Xamarin, it has increased its capabilities to include cross-platform mobile app creation. It is particularly well-liked for Windows app development.

Go: Go, or Golang, created by Google, has gained popularity due to its simplicity, concurrency features, and strong performance. It is particularly suitable for building scalable backend services and is increasingly utilized in app development.

Dart: Dart serves as the programming language for building apps with the Flutter framework. Flutter allows developers to build cross-platform mobile apps for iOS and Android using a single codebase. Dart’s reactive and performant characteristics make it an excellent choice for Flutter app development.

PHP: PHP, a server-side scripting language, powers a significant portion of the web and is commonly used alongside popular web frameworks like Laravel and Symfony. While primarily used for web development, PHP can also be employed in constructing web-based applications.

Top Programming Languages to Consider for App Development in 2023

We list out the best programming languages to consider for your next app development project including pros and cons.

www.computer.org

Application languages are mostly a western creation you are just using program developed by the west HUAWEI is just using western tech

 

[helin]

Top Programming Languages for App Development in 2023​

---

Kotlin: Modern programming language Kotlin has become extremely popular in the field of creating Android apps. While preserving complete Java interoperability, it provides null safety, succinct syntax, and increased developer efficiency.

Swift: The Swift programming language, created by Apple, offers a secure, quick, and expressive syntax and is the main language for creating iOS and macOS apps. Its effectiveness and user-friendliness have facilitated its growing adoption.

JavaScript/TypeScript: With the help of frameworks like React and Angular, JavaScript has expanded its dominance beyond the realm of online development to include the creation of cross-platform mobile applications. A superset of JavaScript called TypeScript adds static typing and is becoming more and more popular for complicated projects.



Python: Python, which is renowned for its adaptability and beginner-friendliness, is used in a variety of fields, including data research and web development. It is a well-liked option for app development due to its large array of libraries and frameworks, including Django and Flask.

Java: For many years, Java has served as a popular language for Android app development. It provides a reliable and scalable platform, with numerous existing Android applications built using Java. Java also boasts a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks. If you’re looking for a Java app development company, you can find experienced professionals who specialize in Java application development and have a deep understanding of the language and its ecosystem. They can help you create high-quality, robust, and feature-rich Java applications that meet your specific requirements.

Rust: In addition to its core use in low-level systems programming, Rust is becoming more popular in the field of developing secure and high-speed mobile applications. Rust is known for its emphasis on safety, concurrency, and performance in systems programming.

C#: C#, a Microsoft development, is frequently used while creating apps for the.NET platform. With the launch of Xamarin, it has increased its capabilities to include cross-platform mobile app creation. It is particularly well-liked for Windows app development.

Go: Go, or Golang, created by Google, has gained popularity due to its simplicity, concurrency features, and strong performance. It is particularly suitable for building scalable backend services and is increasingly utilized in app development.

Dart: Dart serves as the programming language for building apps with the Flutter framework. Flutter allows developers to build cross-platform mobile apps for iOS and Android using a single codebase. Dart’s reactive and performant characteristics make it an excellent choice for Flutter app development.

PHP: PHP, a server-side scripting language, powers a significant portion of the web and is commonly used alongside popular web frameworks like Laravel and Symfony. While primarily used for web development, PHP can also be employed in constructing web-based applications.

Top Programming Languages to Consider for App Development in 2023

We list out the best programming languages to consider for your next app development project including pros and cons.

www.computer.org

Application languages are mostly a western creation you are just using program developed by the west HUAWEI is just using western tech

Thank you Westerners


Thank you Mexicans for telling me this

 

[rockdog]

Thank you Westerners


Thank you Mexicans for telling me this

He is not 100% Westerner, he wanted to be. Even American from USA identify such kind people as Hispanic. Although he was always proud of USA, Germany, Russian, meanwhile the Spain he rarely mentioned.