NEW DELHI: Jawaharlal Nehru had a 70mm idea of India: secular, democratic and industrialised. And on his 120th birth anniversary, looking back to the time when he was the nation's first Prime...
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Nehru's vision shaped many Bollywood golden oldies
Avijit Ghosh, TNN Nov 16, 2009, 05.56am IST
NEW DELHI: Jawaharlal Nehru had a 70mm idea of India: secular, democratic and industrialised. And on his 120th birth anniversary, looking back to the time when he was the nation's first Prime Minister (1947-64), one realises that many Hindi filmmakers had internalized this vision and their films reflect it.
"Nehru and his policies were always part of our sub-consciousness. He used to say that big dams and industries are the temples of modern India. We had internalized his words,'' says filmmaker Yash Chopra. He was in the capital earlier this month to participate in an ongoing film festival titled, Popular Bombay Cinema of the Nehru Era, at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
Many films, including those made by Yash's brother BR Chopra, are filled with shots of big dams being constructed. There's a spirit of sharing and camaraderie among the workers, all united in the task of nation building. Songs such as Saathi haath badhana (Naya Daur, 1957) exemplify this.
Yash Chopra was only 27 when he directed Dhool Ka Phool (1959), where a Muslim brings up an `illegitimate' Hindu child. The song, Tu Hindu banega na Musalman banega, insaan ki aulaad hai, insaan banega, is very much in tune with Nehruvian secularism. His next film, Dharmputra (1961), where a Muslim boy grows up in a Hindu home, again is a compelling plea for secularism and embodies a liberal and inclusive vision of the country.
Nehru's vision impacted popular Hindi cinema in other ways too. For instance, says Ira Bhaskar of JNU's School of Art and Aesthetics, the Muslim in cinema was invariably a nationalist: noble and committed. The character of Nawab Badruddin played by Ashok Kumar in Dharmputra typifies this.
Undoubtedly, Bombay cinema took Nehru's notions of democracy and secularism to the masses and popularised them by making them understandable and pleasurable. But as Bhaskar points out, meaningful movies of this era also deal with caste (Sujata), gender, community, rural-urban debate, social and legal justice and also attempt to resolve the issues. "They express new imaginaries of selfhood that the modern moment with its liberating sense of individual freedom made possible,'' she says.
Movies such as Shree 420 sought to redefine the man-woman relationship. In the famous tea stall scene, when hero
Raj Kapoor talks about hardship, heroine Nargis says that together the two can handle and overcome the situation. "The romantic relationship becomes a companionship of equals in every way,'' says Bhaskar.
Indeed, independence ushered in the zestful spirit of a free, young nation. Which is why, says historian Madan Gopal Singh, in the movies of Raj Kapoor and Vijay Anand we see the youth openly celebrate the idea of mobility and expand the idea of
India as a culturally vibrant space. This is best expressed in the characters played by Dev Anand in Nau Do Gyarah and Raj Kapoor in Shree 420.
The evolving idea of love and romance was integral to the idea of 1950s India. "A song such as Pyaar hua, ikraar hua is as much about love as about emerging India. The lyrics Kehta hai dil rasta mushkil maloom nahi kahan manzil could be as much about the protagonists as about the anxieties of a nascent nation,'' says Singh.
Not all movies saw the bright side. Bhaskar points out that Guru Dutt's Pyaasa (1957) was a critique of the new nation's capitalistic impulse. "It asked whether there is any space for non-exploitative relationships between people, individuals and society,'' she says. Over 50 years later, it's a question that needs to be asked once again