The most obvious way to exceed structural limits of a jet is to put on full thrust and exceed max operating altitude.
People think max altitude on jets exist due to oxygen density, as in above that your engine will flame out coz of not enough oxygen.
But no.
Yes, if you go high enough in the atmosphere, any combustion engine relying on external oxygen to combust fuel will flame out.
The reality is, max altitude exists for another reason: air density.
Low Air density reduces drag. So if you have a specific scenario where you actually go full throttle and keep gaining altitude at a slow rate, what will happen, is your plane will go faster and faster, due to lower and lower drag and exceed structural limits before it suffers actual flameout. And once you exceed structural limits, anything can happen- from wings flat out breaking off to cockpit damage or nosecone damage, etc.
Now why you would do this- that I leave up to pilots, coz I may be science guy but I ain't pilot.