Uttam AESA Radar and derivatives
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Massive Radar with over 2400 TRM modules and that too on a steerable Swash plate
(Video has details about the mechanical steering)
Monstrous Virupaksha Radar of Su30 MKI Upgrade - alphadefense.in
DRDO’s Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) is starting fabrication of the Virupaksha radar for the Indian Air Force’s Su-30MKI upgrade. They are setting up two assembly jigs to begin ground testing soon. Tight Assembly and Testing Timeline LRDE plans to deliver two fully...
alphadefense.in
DRDO’s Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) is starting fabrication of the Virupaksha radar for the Indian Air Force’s Su-30MKI upgrade. They are setting up two assembly jigs to begin ground testing soon.
Tight Assembly and Testing Timeline
LRDE plans to deliver two fully assembled jigs within 16 weeks of the contract’s approval. The team aims to finish the assembly in 15 weeks. They will use the final week for acceptance testing. This efficient timeline highlights their commitment to delivering on time and maintaining high standards.
Advanced Radar Architecture
The Virupaksha radar brings major improvements over earlier designs, like the Uttam radar. Unlike Uttam’s quad TRM-based system, the Virupaksha radar uses eben more densely packed design. It incorporates planks, which make maintenance and testing easier. The tighter packing results in more compact components without compromising functionality.
The schematic of this radar suggests it will be a monstrous radar with nearly 2208 radiating elements closely packed in GaN based planks.
This design uses Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology, which improves power efficiency and thermal performance. GaN allows higher power density, creating a smaller yet more efficient radar system. This enables the radar to deliver superior performance while simplifying maintenance.
Why Nitride is Important ?
The impact of GaN (Gallium Nitride) technology on radar range, particularly in AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) applications, is significant when compared to GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) due to GaN’s higher efficiency, power density, and thermal management capabilities.
Power Output: GaN transistors can achieve output powers of up to 200 W per element in AESA radars, significantly boosting radar range. For long-range systems, GaN’s ability to operate at higher power levels means the radar can detect objects farther away. GaAs-based systems typically deliver lower power outputs, thus limiting the radar’s range in comparison.
GaAs: Typically, GaAs transistors offer a power density of about 1.5 W/mm, with power outputs ranging from 5-10 watts, though higher outputs up to 40 watts can be achieved using multiple devices in parallel or push-pull configurations. However, this comes at the cost of reduced efficiency and increased space for peripheral circuitry
GaN: In contrast, GaN can deliver power densities up to 5 times higher than GaAs, with outputs ranging from tens to hundreds of watts per transistor. For instance, GaN transistors on silicon carbide (GaN-on-SiC) substrates can reach output levels of up to 200 W in AESA systems.
Thermal Efficiency: GaN offers about 15% better thermal conductivity than GaAs, allowing radar systems to operate at higher temperatures and power densities without overheating. This efficiency translates into fewer cooling requirements and allows radars to sustain longer operational periods at maximum performance, which in turn improves the radar’s continuous detection range.
GaAs: GaAs has a lower thermal conductivity, typically around 46 W/mK. This limits its ability to dissipate heat effectively, which restricts high-power operation in radar systems. GaAs transistors tend to overheat at higher power levels, reducing overall system efficiency and requiring complex cooling solutions.
GaN: GaN has a thermal conductivity of around 130-170 W/mK, which is more than 3 times higher than GaAs. This allows GaN devices to operate at much higher power densities while maintaining efficient heat dissipation. The increased thermal conductivity means GaN-based systems can handle higher temperatures without performance degradation, leading to more compact and efficient AESA radar designs.
Bandwidth: GaN-based radars also operate at higher frequencies than GaAs systems. This enables greater bandwidth for signal transmission, resulting in better resolution and sensitivity at long ranges. This advantage is crucial in AESA systems where the ability to detect smaller or more distant targets is a priority.
GaAs : GaAs can handle moderate bandwidths, but its performance tends to degrade in multi-frequency or high-power applications at the upper end of the X-band.
GaN : GaN transistors allow for wider bandwidths, crucial for multi-function radars that need to operate across multiple channels simultaneously. GaN can support higher instantaneous bandwidths (tens of GHz) within the X-band, enabling AESA radars to cover a larger frequency spectrum and process more data in real-time. This makes GaN based AESA immune to GaAs based Radar jammers.
System Longevity: GaN’s inherent material properties lead to longer operational lifespans, which reduces maintenance costs and increases reliability in high-demand, long-range detection systems. This improves overall system uptime and range capability over the radar’s lifecycle.
These factors together mean that when using GaN in AESA radars, the range can be extended by up to 50% compared to GaAs by very conservative estimate, depending on the specific radar application and power constraints.
Strengthening India’s Air Superiority
With testing starting soon, the Virupaksha radar will significantly enhance the Su-30MKI’s capabilities. It offers better tracking, targeting, and situational awareness, supporting India’s defense modernization. LRDE’s work ensures the Indian Air Force continues to strengthen its air superiority with state-of-the-art radar systems.
Tight Assembly and Testing Timeline
LRDE plans to deliver two fully assembled jigs within 16 weeks of the contract’s approval. The team aims to finish the assembly in 15 weeks. They will use the final week for acceptance testing. This efficient timeline highlights their commitment to delivering on time and maintaining high standards.
Advanced Radar Architecture
The Virupaksha radar brings major improvements over earlier designs, like the Uttam radar. Unlike Uttam’s quad TRM-based system, the Virupaksha radar uses eben more densely packed design. It incorporates planks, which make maintenance and testing easier. The tighter packing results in more compact components without compromising functionality.
The schematic of this radar suggests it will be a monstrous radar with nearly 2208 radiating elements closely packed in GaN based planks.
This design uses Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology, which improves power efficiency and thermal performance. GaN allows higher power density, creating a smaller yet more efficient radar system. This enables the radar to deliver superior performance while simplifying maintenance.
Why Nitride is Important ?
The impact of GaN (Gallium Nitride) technology on radar range, particularly in AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) applications, is significant when compared to GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) due to GaN’s higher efficiency, power density, and thermal management capabilities.
Power Output: GaN transistors can achieve output powers of up to 200 W per element in AESA radars, significantly boosting radar range. For long-range systems, GaN’s ability to operate at higher power levels means the radar can detect objects farther away. GaAs-based systems typically deliver lower power outputs, thus limiting the radar’s range in comparison.
GaAs: Typically, GaAs transistors offer a power density of about 1.5 W/mm, with power outputs ranging from 5-10 watts, though higher outputs up to 40 watts can be achieved using multiple devices in parallel or push-pull configurations. However, this comes at the cost of reduced efficiency and increased space for peripheral circuitry
GaN: In contrast, GaN can deliver power densities up to 5 times higher than GaAs, with outputs ranging from tens to hundreds of watts per transistor. For instance, GaN transistors on silicon carbide (GaN-on-SiC) substrates can reach output levels of up to 200 W in AESA systems.
Thermal Efficiency: GaN offers about 15% better thermal conductivity than GaAs, allowing radar systems to operate at higher temperatures and power densities without overheating. This efficiency translates into fewer cooling requirements and allows radars to sustain longer operational periods at maximum performance, which in turn improves the radar’s continuous detection range.
GaAs: GaAs has a lower thermal conductivity, typically around 46 W/mK. This limits its ability to dissipate heat effectively, which restricts high-power operation in radar systems. GaAs transistors tend to overheat at higher power levels, reducing overall system efficiency and requiring complex cooling solutions.
GaN: GaN has a thermal conductivity of around 130-170 W/mK, which is more than 3 times higher than GaAs. This allows GaN devices to operate at much higher power densities while maintaining efficient heat dissipation. The increased thermal conductivity means GaN-based systems can handle higher temperatures without performance degradation, leading to more compact and efficient AESA radar designs.
Bandwidth: GaN-based radars also operate at higher frequencies than GaAs systems. This enables greater bandwidth for signal transmission, resulting in better resolution and sensitivity at long ranges. This advantage is crucial in AESA systems where the ability to detect smaller or more distant targets is a priority.
GaAs : GaAs can handle moderate bandwidths, but its performance tends to degrade in multi-frequency or high-power applications at the upper end of the X-band.
GaN : GaN transistors allow for wider bandwidths, crucial for multi-function radars that need to operate across multiple channels simultaneously. GaN can support higher instantaneous bandwidths (tens of GHz) within the X-band, enabling AESA radars to cover a larger frequency spectrum and process more data in real-time. This makes GaN based AESA immune to GaAs based Radar jammers.
System Longevity: GaN’s inherent material properties lead to longer operational lifespans, which reduces maintenance costs and increases reliability in high-demand, long-range detection systems. This improves overall system uptime and range capability over the radar’s lifecycle.
These factors together mean that when using GaN in AESA radars, the range can be extended by up to 50% compared to GaAs by very conservative estimate, depending on the specific radar application and power constraints.
Strengthening India’s Air Superiority
With testing starting soon, the Virupaksha radar will significantly enhance the Su-30MKI’s capabilities. It offers better tracking, targeting, and situational awareness, supporting India’s defense modernization. LRDE’s work ensures the Indian Air Force continues to strengthen its air superiority with state-of-the-art radar systems.
(Video has details about the mechanical steering)
Last edited:
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Schematics of Virupaksha radar for Indian "Super Sukhoi" Program. Including the TRM's. 30% less than what i estimated back then assuming Uttam's Frequency are used but still massive 2208 TRM's.
Assuming Bars sized (1 m diameter or 0.78 sqm area) The 2208 element counts and as seen Triangular lattice topology in element placements, assuming 120 degrees scan angle (+-60) will put the frequency in 9196 MHz. Close to Bars and my estimates on J-16 Radar.
That and assume 35% PAE (Power Added Efficiency) for the TRM (typical for class A-Amplifier type) The 10.5 KW cooling available from new VCM cooling Allows 6.6 KW Average power, an increase over 5 KW for Irbis-E. TRM peak power rating will depend on required-
Duty cycle. 25% duty cycle will put the rating to 12 Watt with average of 3 Watt. Peak power of the entire radar would be immense 26.5 KW.
Range wise it will be improvement over all Indian fighters in service, competitive even against Russian Irbis or US APG-82 for F-15EX. in high PRF (250 KHz) It is able to pick a 3 sqm target in 296 km range. Remains to be seen tho how India will use that range advantage.
Well with great power of course comes cost. I also made an estimate for the cost of the array. and comparison with earlier N011M Bars. That compared to Bars. Virupaksha may cost 3-6 Times not including the development cost against Bars.
The cost estimates are made on assumptions of 272 radars production run, 95% "learning curve" factor and sidelobe reduction effort (yes that cost too) to match N011M's excellent average sidelobe level (-48 dB)
The advantage of some Twice the PD-90 range however might worth the cost, not including improved reliability of TRM vs Tube transmitters.
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Correction the Actual Number of TR modules is 2400 not 2208, my bad I should have double checked the numbers
192+192+72+72+80+80+88+88+1536 = 2400 not 2208
So the Radar is even more powerful than imagined, I don't know just what sort of wizardry the guys at LRDE have done this way beyond even what I had imagined.
Additional Context the size of this radar is 920 X 870 mm
View: https://x.com/alpha_defense/status/1843768911386603746
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Please correct the spelling of the thread title @mods
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Instead make it a 1 stop thread for all AESA radar related development regardless of the type
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From Aero India 2023
Details of VAPOUR COMPRESSION MACHINE (VCM) FOR COOLING OF AESA RADAR OF SU-30 MKI
UPGRADE AIRCRAFT
FUNCTIONS
Vapour Compression System (VCM) is closed loop Vapour Cycle Cooling System which is designed to cool proposed AESA radar of Su30 MKI upgrade aircraft by absorbing 10.5 kW of heat load.
VCM consists of four major LRUs: Evaporator, Compressor. Condenser and Thermostatic expansion valve. The cooling is done by exchanging heat of Ethyl Glycol Water Solution from RADAR with Cold refrigerant at Evaporator of VCM. Compressed refrigerant from compressor passes through condenser where refrigerant will be condensed from vapour to liquid phase by rejecting heat to Fuel (Jet A1).
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Maximum AESA radar heat load : 10.5 kW
Mass flow rate of Ethyl glycol water supply to AESA Radar : 40 LPM
Max temp. Of heated Ethyl glycol water outlet from AESA Radar : 43° C
Max temp. of cooled Ethyl glycol water inlet to AESA Radar : 38° C
(Getting Cooled by VCM)
Mass flow rate of fuel (Jet A1) inlet to condenser : 74 LPM
Max temp. of cooled Fuel (Jet A1) inlet to Condenser : 55° C
Max temp. of heated Fuel (Jet A1) outlet from Condenser : 63° C
Refrigerant : R 134A
Maximum power consumption of VCM : % kW
Ambient temp. : ISA + 25 = 40° C
COP : 2.1
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