Extracting thorium can be far more expensive than extracting uranium. I do not think we will be able to utilize thorium anytime before 2050.
Below is the list of stages that need to occur before thorium can be used as a power generating source:
- Stage 1: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) These reactors use natural uranium, producing plutonium as a byproduct.
- Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) The plutonium from Stage 1 fuels these reactors. FBRs are designed to breed new fissile material (Uranium-233 from Thorium). Thorium can be used as a blanket material around the core to capture neutrons and transmute into Uranium-233.
- Stage 3: Advanced Reactors (utilizing Thorium-Uranium-233 cycle) This stage is where India's vast thorium reserves come fully into play. Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) or similar designs would use the bred Uranium-233 along with thorium to generate power in a self-sustaining cycle.
At the moment, I believe, we are at the stage number 2. As you can see, it is an extremely complex process. I think we are the only country that has come this far. If we can pull this off, we will be the only country to have thorium based nuclear reactors.